Measurement acceptance plays a crucial supervisory and guiding role in mining engineering. However, traditional blasting acceptance processes and methods in underground mines are insufficient to meet modern production needs and affect the efficiency and quality of underground mining. To address this issue, the Yanqianshan Iron Mine -213 m level roadway was studied to explore a new measurement and acceptance method based on a high-precision laser SLAM (Simultaneous Localization and Mapping) algorithm. By obtaining point cloud data of the roadway before and after underground mine excavation, the foundation for subsequent data analysis and processing was established. In the data processing phase, methods such as point cloud denoising, ICP (Iterative Closest Point) registration, point cloud segmentation, and slicing were employed to create comprehensive measurement and acceptance processes for underground mining engineering. Point cloud denoising effectively removes noise and enhances data purity and credibility. The ICP registration method ensures precise alignment of point clouds through iterative optimization, maintaining high data consistency. Point cloud segmentation and slicing techniques offer practical solutions for accurately calculating irregular explosion volumes. The research results demonstrate that this high-precision laser SLAM measurement acceptance method improves work quality and efficiency. It ensures construction quality in underground mining and provides critical technical support for optimizing underground blasting designs.

A reasonable blasting construction method is critical to maintaining caverns' stability and water-sealing integrity. In this study, seismic wave detection and acoustic wave detection were conducted within a water-sealed cavern. The HHT signal analysis method was used to process the seismic wave signals generated by blasting, and both Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) and Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD) were applied to compare and reduce signal mode aliasing, improving the accuracy of signal analysis. The marginal spectrum, instantaneous energy spectrum, three-dimensional energy spectrum, and loose zones in surrounding rock were used to evaluate the influence of different blasting schemes on the water-sealed caverns. The results show that the EEMD-Hilbert analysis method effectively mitigates mode aliasing issues caused by traditional EMD decomposition, producing a smoother and more reliable vibration velocity time-history curve. Marginal spectrum analysis of the reconstructed signal reveals that the frequency band of the double-sided wall heading method ranges from 200 to 380 Hz. In contrast, the frequency band of the single-sided wall guide pit method is narrower, concentrated between 110 and 250 Hz, with relatively lower frequency energy in both conditions. The combined instantaneous energy of the double-sided wall guide method is higher than that of the single-sided wall guide method, with 41.67% and 23.73% of the total instantaneous energy concentrated in the first section of the cutting hole for each method, respectively. The instantaneous energy distribution of the single-sided wall guide method is more uniform and lower than that of the double-sided. The range of loosening rings on both sides of the arch waist in the double-sided wall heading method is about 1.0 to 1.2 m. In contrast, the single-sided wall guide pit method measured 0.8 meters and 1.0 to 1.2 meters on the expanding excavation surface and guide tunnel surface, respectively. A joint analysis of the EEMD Hilbert method and acoustic detection indicates that the single-sided wall guide pit method is more suitable for blasting excavation in water-sealed caverns.

Accurate and efficient explosive detection technologies facilitate real-time monitoring of blasting materials throughout their storage, transportation, and usage, enabling the prompt identification of expired or unstable explosives. Furthermore, trace detection methods can detect residues of illegal explosives, offering technical support for safety supervision and public security, while striking a balance between engineering efficiency and environmental safety. This study introduces an optical fiber Raman sensor utilizing silver nanoclusters (AgNCs) for the explosive detection of explosives. By integrating Raman spectroscopy with fiber-optic sensing technology, it achieves highly sensitive spectral detection and efficient signal transmission specifically for TNT detection. The AgNCs substrate, modified with silver-sulfur bonds and functionalized with 4-ATP, acts as a capture probe for TNT. The formation of the TNT-4-ATP complex significantly amplifies the SERS signal of TNT, resulting in a detection limit (LOD) as low as 10^-10 M.

This paper aims to explore the development of a risk management system for engineering blasting to achieve systematic management of quality, safety, environmental, and occupational health risks throughout the entire life cycle, encompassing all aspects and elements of blasting activities. Based on the establishment of comprehensive safety and environmental awareness, it advocates the use of systems engineering methodology to analyze risks in the field of engineering blasting in depth. The article follows the internationally accepted ISO 9001(Quality Management System), ISO 45001(Occupational Health and Safety Management System), and ISO 14001(Environmental Management System) standards, and constructs a scientific risk management framework. It is proposed to combine technical means, such as standards, metrology, inspection and testing, certification, and accreditation, with a risk management model for engineering blasting systems based on the PDCA (PLAN-DO-CHECK-ACT) cycle. This model emphasizes prevention as its primary focus, and through improvement, it ensures that risks are within a controllable range. The article further introduces digital twin technology, and constructs the engineering blasting B-NQI (B-NQI risk-based digital integration of engineering blasting quality, safety, environment and occupational health) system, which realizes real-time monitoring, prediction, control and decision of risk information, greatly improving the efficiency and accuracy of risk management of engineering blasting system. The research not only enriches the theoretical framework of engineering blasting risk management but also provides practical tools and methods for industry applications. Constructing the B-NQI system helps reduce various risks in the engineering blasting process, ensures project progress, and provides strong protection for worker safety and environmental protection.

Stainless steel 06Cr18Ni11Ti and cast steel 20Mn explosive welding composite plates can be used to build bridges in high alpine areas. Two groups of different welding parameters were used to investigate the weld interface characteristics of stainless steel 06Cr18Ni11Ti and cast steel 20Mn. The explosive thickness was 30 mm, the detonation velocity was 2300 m/s, and the stand-off distances were 4 mm and 10 mm, respectively. The morphology of the weld interface was studied using an optical microscope and scanning electron microscope, and the samples were submitted to tensile and flexural testing and hardness tests. Furthermore, the fracture morphology of the weld material was studied using a scanning electron microscope. In the interfacial morphology examination, the sample with a 10 mm stand-off distance had a thicker melting layer than the sample with a 4 mm stand-off distance. The melting layer thickens as the contact corrugation increases. Corrosion was observed on the cast steel 20Mn side of the weld interface enriched with austenite. The 4 mm stand-off samples did not exhibit apparent twins, whereas the 10 mm ones did. The 10 mm stand-off samples had higher interfacial deposition energy and strain rate, making twins more likely to occur. Tensile test findings indicated that all fracture separations occurred on the cast steel's 20Mn side. The shear strength of sample 1 ranged from 383.6 to 394.1 MPa, while that of sample 2 ranged from 394.3 to 408.4 MPa, showing binding strength across the interface greater than that of 20Mn. Both 10mm and 4 mm stand-off samples exhibited ductile fracture. In the 90 bending test, the welded interface shows no delamination or cracks, indicating outstanding bending performance. The hardness test results indicate that the hardness of cast steel 20Mn and stainless steel 06Cr18Ni11Ti after explosive welding are higher than that of the corresponding raw materials. Approaching the weld interface, the hardness increases noticeably. The maximum hardness for samples with a 4 mm stand-off is 413.2 HV, while for samples with a 10 mm stand-off, it is 407.9 HV. Work hardening is more pronounced on the 20Mn side of the sample with a 10 mm stand-off. The effect of hardening is much more noticeable. The fractures of the samples with 4 mm and 10 mm stand-offs display a river-like form in the fracture morphology study.

Smooth blasting is generally used to control tunnel formation, which requires managing the density of the line charge. Conventionally, air-spaced axial uncoupled charges are used and connected by detonating cords. However, detonating cords require a large amount, are expensive and difficult to approve, and cannot achieve uniform dispersion of charges. Currently, bottom-concentrated charging structures are used without using detonating cords in the surrounding holes of tunnel excavation, leading to serious over-excavation and under-excavation. To address this issue, a new type of energy-gathering tube has been designed. This new tube combines a PVC half tube and energy-gathering cover with a fixed ring, enabling precise control of explosive amounts, simplifying the charging process, and ensuring the stability of the entire device. It is not limited by the water environment, providing efficient energy transmission and effectively controlling tunnel over-excavation and under-excavation. To evaluate the blasting effect of the new energy-gathering tube, it was first verified through a sacrificial explosion test. The test showed that with the new tube, multiple sections of the detonated explosive can be stably transmitted at 30 cm intervals with a dosage of 60 g. Numerical simulations also demonstrated the good cutting effect of the new tube. This new energy-gathering tube was applied in the Dongshan Tunnel of the Fenyang Shilou Expressway, achieving smooth blasting without detonating cords with a line charge density of 200 g/m and a half-hole trace rate of 90%, effectively reducing over-excavation and under-excavation.

Differences in thickness, mineral composition, wave impedance, and joint fissures. This often leads to a mismatch between the charge structure of the pre-splitting and cutting holes and the physical and mechanical properties of the layers, which can easily cause the complex rock layers to fail to pre-split. The soft rock layers form chicken-nest-shaped explosive pits due to excessive consumption of explosive energy, making it difficult for pre-splitting and cutting holes to penetrate the entire length of the blast hole effectively. To attain consistent pre-splitting of the composite roof, the LS-DYNA software was employed to analyze the impact of the charging structure on the pre-splitting effect of the composite roof. Based on this foundation, a uniform-dispersion and pressure-holding pre-splitting blasting technique was proposed for the composite roof. Field experiments were conducted, and in conjunction with the preliminary evaluation of the progression of post-blast fractures, the viability of this uniform-dispersion and pressure-holding pre-splitting blasting method was substantiated. The research results indicate that the escape of explosive gas from hard rock layers to soft rock layers is the primary reason for the uneven energy utilization in the pre-cracking explosion of the composite roof. The composite roof uniform dispersion pressure pre-splitting blasting technology divides the pre-splitting holes into multiple chambers according to the layered structure of the composite roof. Each layer has an independent post-explosion pressure holding chamber, which meets the explosive energy requirements of each pre-splitting layer, thereby avoiding excessive consumption of explosive energy in soft rock layers and enhancing the pre-splitting effect in hard rock layers.

The resistance line, as a core parameter in a blast design, is closely related to rock throwing distance and fragmentation degree, thereby directly affecting the fragmentation effectiveness and the final shape of the blast pile. Due to the significant complexity of an underwater blasting project, the factors affecting the effect of underwater blasting are intricate and complex, so it is essential to explore the impact of resistance line parameters on underwater bench blasting law through both drilling and blasting tests and numerical simulations using the FLUENT-EDEM coupling method. Four resistance line cases (2 cm, 4 cm, 5 cm, and 6.5 cm) were tested. The results indicate that as the resistance line parameter increases, the proportion of adequate energy used for rock fragmentation increases, resulting in a larger blasting funnel volume. However, with further increases in the resistance line, the explosive energy per unit volume of rock decreases, and the stress wave reflection intensity weakens. Consequently, the inhomogeneity of blasting block size first decreases and then increases with the resistance line. Additionally, numerical calculations effectively replicate the model test blasting effects, demonstrating that using the FLUENT-EDEM fluid-solid coupling method to study underwater bench blasting fragmentation is practical and feasible.

In constructing shield tunnels in a sea area, large-sized boulders and bedrock are often encountered, necessitating pretreatment via blasting. The effectiveness of blasting pretreatment is crucial for the regular excavation of shield machines. Based on Xiamen Metro Line 2 project, a refined blasting pretreatment method for boulders and bedrock in shield tunnels under the sea area is proposed. The method comprehensively considers overburden conditions, blasting fragmentation indexes, and marine biological safety standards. Specific steps include designing blasting parameters, calculating powder factor, determining single-hole charges and average block size, designing charge structures and initiation networks, predicting the distribution of blasting fragments, and optimizing the blasting program to minimize ecological impact. Field application results indicate that post-blasting fragment sizes are within 30 cm, meeting the size requirements for the shield machine. The shield machine could excavate smoothly through the blasting pretreatment section, with excavation parameters similar to those in regular sections. The proposed method achieved a refined, ecological, efficient and safe blasting construction in the sea section containing boulders and bedrock.

The drilling and blasting method is widely used in tunnel excavation. Typically, smooth blasting can meet the quality formation requirements. However, achieving ideal contour control blasting effects and ensuring the safety and stability of surrounding rock mass are challenging due to limitations in drilling conditions and charging in small section tunnels, especially when encountering adverse geological conditions. This often results in increased costs for subsequent support and lining. To address these issues, on-site blasting tests were conducted based on small-section hydraulic tunnels to explore applying energy-gathering hydraulic blasting technology to improve blasting parameters in poor geological conditions. The main conclusions from analyzing and evaluating the quality of contour excavation using 3D laser scanning technology are as follows: (1) The results indicate that shaped charge blasting can reduce over-excavation and under-excavation by 40.8% and 54.2%, respectively, compared to conventional blasting under the same geological conditions. (2) A comparative analysis of blasting results under different borehole arrangements shows that no boreholes are needed to connect the arch crown and the side wall. Utilizing the shaped charge effect to control can reduce over-excavation at the arch shoulder. (3) In fourth-class surrounding rock mass, including silty mudstone and stratified sandstone, the smoothness of the wall surface is less affected by blasting parameters and is promarily determined by lithology. Moreover, the smoothness of stratified sandstone can be improved by more than 30% compared to silty mudstone. In summary, the reasonable application of shaped charge water pressure blasting technology in small cross-section hydraulic tunnels can improve tunnel wall shaping under smooth blasting conditions.